3) What major instruments are in concert pitch and what major ones aren't? |
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If you mean, which instruments are C instruments or non-transposing instruments, that would be the Piccolo, Flute, Oboe, Bassoon, Trombone, Tuba, Baritone (BC), Piano and Mallet Percussion instruments, and Strings.
Those that aren't would be:
(Bb Instruments) Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Soprano Sax, Tenor Sax, Trumpet, Baritone T.C./Euphonium, Marching French Horn.
(F Instruments) French Horn, Mellophone, English Horn.
(Eb Instruments) Alto Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone, Alto Clarinet, Eb Contra-bass Clarinet.
Some instruments also come in A, G, Eb, BBb, EEb.
And, of course, some instruments, like the trumpet, come not just in the standard Bb, but also in C, C Piccolo, D, Eb and G.
Hope this helps and isn't too much.